Posts in category: Noticias

After decades of low and stable inflation, and correspondingly ever lower interest rates, 2021 saw the start of a major move up in price levels around the world. Rates of inflation had reached the highest levels in the US in forty years by June of last year.

The textbook response from central banks to elevated levels of inflation is to raise interest rates. It is by raising interest rates (and consequently the cost of debt) that acts as a break on the economy and so should cool down inflation.

Higher interest rates make capital and liquidity in the economy, all else equal, more scarce via higher cost of debt and financing capital (higher rates). This tightening in financial conditions makes it more expensive to fund capital investments, consumer spending, etc. This eventually results in a slowdown in the economy which helps to bring inflation under control via lower demand for goods and services. As aggregate demand declines, inflation comes down, and we move into the stage in the business cycle where central banks can start talking about cutting interest rates.

This is how it’s supposed to work in theory at least...

Well… it feels like it has been a while since interest rates started rising in most countries. This begs the question for us as investors: have financial conditions tightened enough yet to consistently crimp demand and bring down inflation? In other words: are we there yet?

Some of the important economic data is pointing in the right direction for a fall in aggregate demand. The US treasury yield curve is now as inverted as it has been since 2007. What does that mean? We’ll save an explanation of the yield curve for another episode, but the best way of thinking about ‘yield curve inversion’, is that as a lead indicator for the economy, it has a high hit rate when it comes to predicting economic slowdowns. And it is currently flashing red for a slowdown in demand.

What does this mean?

Here’s another economic data point. M2 money supply growth in the US is now negative. Again, we’ll save the detailed explanation for another episode of this metric, but suffice it to say that when this measure of liquidity in the US economy goes negative, that has historically been an indication that economic demand will slowdown in the future.

But… and this is a big but. There is evidence elsewhere in markets that financial conditions are not yet tight enough to bring demand and inflation down sustainably. Several widely followed indexes of financial conditions appear to indicate we remain in ‘loose’ territory. These indexes measure a range of data points to try and show how tight or loose overall financial conditions are in the wider economy. We would expect to see these indexes clearly moving into ‘tighter’ conditions if the interest rate rises of the past 12 months were fully flowing through into the economy.

Further, there are other important indicators in markets which further support the view that conditions remain ‘loose’ and have not tightened all that much just yet. Speculative manias in asset prices of the past have usually coincided with very loose monetary and financial conditions, only ending when financial conditions tighten. When we look at the most recent speculative bubbles, in some areas of the stock market and crypto-currencies, we see that prices have risen year-to-date in 2023. And they have risen by a lot! Bitcoin is up +31%, Tesla share price +68%, so far in 2023 (just over two months). That does not sound like a major tightening in financial conditions to us.

Further, there are other important indicators in markets which further support the view that conditions remain ‘loose’ and have not tightened all that much just yet. Speculative manias in asset prices of the past have usually coincided with very loose monetary and financial conditions, only ending when financial conditions tighten. When we look at the most recent speculative bubbles, in some areas of the stock market and crypto-currencies, we see that prices have risen year-to-date in 2023. And they have risen by a lot! Bitcoin is up +31%, Tesla share price +68%, so far in 2023 (just over two months). That does not sound like a major tightening in financial conditions to us.

Further, there are other signals of a major tightening that you should expect to see at that stage of the business cycle. Businesses with high levels of debt having to file for bankruptcy, for example. There is a notable dearth of news stories like this.

The short answer to the leading question in the title of this episode, therefore, is a resounding ‘no’. We’re definitely not there yet on financial conditions in the economy to be able to confidently say that we are ‘tight’ enough to have confidence in demand declining and bringing down inflation.

Recent hot inflation data releases in Spain, Australia, and the US, support this view.
In fact, current financial conditions are still loose. It takes time for higher rates to feed through into properly tight financial conditions. It will come though, the US Federal Reserve is telling us that a major tightening will happen.

We can hear you asking the next question: how will we know when are there?

There will be some big clues to watch out for. Bitcoin and other crypto-currency prices are a good place to start. So long as those prices are going up or staying flat, we’re still in ‘loose’ territory. Watch out for those prices dropping dramatically as an indicator that we may, finally, be approaching ­an end game for tightening in financial conditions, and as such, an end game for higher inflation and higher rates.

The rate of change in technology has been astounding over the past 200 years. Since the dawn of the industrial revolution in the late 18th century, humanity has moved from using horses and sail ships as a primary means of transportation, to mile-long diesel powered super container ships, cars, and jet powered aircraft. Even in the past 30 years, communications and IT technology have changed dramatically. A mobile phone or desktop computer more than 10 years old today is not just outdated, these products are often now incompatible with the latest generation of software and operating systems.

Change in any system creates risks and opportunities. Risks for those that were beneficiaries of the system before the change, opportunities for others. When it comes to modern technology investing, the risks and opportunities are magnified by the rapid rate of change and the scale of the market opportunity for the winners.

It is easy to see today’s technology champions as being immune to change. They appear to us as so dominant in technologies we use every day, it’s hard to imagine a new competitor or technology replacing them. But the history of capitalism is, if anything, a history of competition, innovation, and of today’s champions becoming tomorrow’s has-beens.

Kodak was once a technology champion in the United States, considered to have a dominant market position in the industry of photography and photographic film. Polaroid was considered a technological marvel in the 1970s, at its peak it employed 21,000 people and had $3 billion in annual revenues. Instantly capturing an image on film was, in the 1970s, truly revolutionary.

Nokia in the more recent past was the world’s dominant technology player in mobile phone handsets. Pretty much everyone who had a mobile phone in the early 2000s had a Nokia handset. They were the best mobile phone handsets at the time.

In the late 1990s, the dominant internet search engine was AltaVista, a mainframe computing company which used its tennis-court-sized computers to deliver what would now be considered quite poor internet search results.

What unites the companies we have mentioned here, Kodak, Polaroid, Nokia, AltaVista, is that they were all once dominant players in important technologies, and today hardly anybody uses their products or services. In the case of AltaVista and Polaroid, the companies no longer even exist.

Technological change and innovation are fantastic for the consumer and for the progress of human civilisation, but incredibly risky for investors in the companies who own and develop technologies. The next innovation may be just around the corner, and your once mighty and ‘safe’ investment in a business may soon be under pressure, or worse, go to zero.

We emphasize topics covered in last weeks news report...

Last week we referenced the incredible new language model technology supplied by OpenAI (part-owned by Microsoft), ChatGPT, which is now connected to Microsoft’s internet search engine Bing. Language model driven AI functions like this are likely to disrupt many industries, and generate the change that creates those dreaded risks and much longed-for opportunities for investors.

Dominion concluded last week’s episode by saying that taking a bet on who will have the best intellectual property, the best technology, is very difficult. To go back to the 1990s example of AltaVista, there were at the time dozens of internet search engines and it was not obvious to anyone that Google would come to dominate internet search with >90% market share today. Similarly today, it is highly uncertain as to who will win in the race to develop language models or text and speech driven AI support. For all we know, this may be a relatively easily replicated technology and it quickly becomes commoditized. Or there may be one dominant player who takes most of the market.

We also concluded last week that one good way to play a technology innovation trend like AI is to invest in the suppliers of products needed to power the trend. In this case with AI, the data centres running the computing power needed for AI require a lot of computer chips, so investing in those suppliers of computer chips trading on reasonable valuations today still offers the tailwind of the trend without taking the risk of betting on the IP winner.

"But there is another way to play a new technology trend without taking the risk of betting on winners or losers."

Dominion Capital Strategies

New technologies are typically adopted by people and businesses, and those new technologies can often-times change their nature, especially in business. Just as the internal combustion engine transformed logistics and transportation, so too AI-driven language models are likely to transform industries today that rely on interactive communications with people to solve problems.

The businesses who adopted the internal combustion engine to transport goods in the early 20th century had a major cost and business advantage over those who did not, those who still relied on horses and sail power were doomed to fail. The businesses today who adopt language model driven AI systems into to their businesses, we argue, might similarly have a major advantage over those who do not. This advantage could show up in much lower costs and higher returns vs. the competition.

Dominion Capital Strategies believes that this is another very interesting hunting ground for investment ideas where new technology (in this case, AI language models like ChatGPT) has opened up the opportunity to invest in companies set to be transformed by new technologies.

In the 1983 science fiction thriller WarGames, the movie’s lead character and amateur hacker David Lightman (played by a young Matthew Broderick) uses his desktop computer to attempt to connect to the computer systems of a gaming company. David manages to connect to a fictional artificial intelligence (AI) system which does not identify itself.

In a now famous scene in the movie, David and his friend have a conversation with the AI via a basic chat function. The human-like responses of the AI astonish the human characters in the scene. Eventually the AI asks David: ‘Shall we play a game?’.

David asks for a list of available games, and then tries to convince the AI system to play the last game on the list, called ‘Global Thermonuclear War’. Initially the AI is reluctant to play, suggesting: ‘Wouldn’t you prefer a good game of chess?’.

After some more back-and-forth between the AI and David, the AI system eventually relents and agrees to play a game of ‘Global Thermonuclear War’.

Unbeknownst to David, the AI system he has been communicating with operates the nuclear attack early warning system for the Unites States military. The game David starts to play with the AI system almost triggers a real-world nuclear war between the United States and Soviet Union.

When our investment team first trialled OpenAI’s ChatGPT, we could not help but recall the aforementioned scene from the movie WarGames. We were just as impressed as the characters were in this 1980s science fiction movie, when we started to engage with ChatGPT’s AI system via a chat function.

ChatGPT is undoubtedly a remarkable technology which could change the world...

Microsoft has been quick to capitalise on the success of ChatGPT, announcing it will be integrated into Bing, Microsoft’s internet search platform. The strategy was announced by none other than Microsoft’s CEO, Satya Nadella, in a bullish presentation where he openly called out Google Search as the first major target for the AI tool. Microsoft thinks more advanced AI language models like ChatGPT, when connected to the internet, will radically improve the capacity of its search engine to assist users and thus take market share from Google Search.

Google responded quickly with an announcement that it too would be embedding an AI system into its search engine. Google and Microsoft are tooling up to fight over dominance in artificial intelligence.

This fight for AI supremacy in internet search mirrors similar battles underway in cloud computing, cyber security, social media, and even between major governments. AI and the computer systems they run on, are now advanced enough to offer meaningful advantages to the companies and governments best able to master and utilise them.

Is there a way to play this trend from the perspective of investors?

One way would be to make a call on who has, or is likely to have in future, the best AI technology in a specific field where this will generate significant returns on investment. The winners in the AI wars, in the business field and at the geopolitical level, will yield considerable rewards. But this is an investment strategy fraught with risks. Given the relative infancy of this investment trend, and a lack of understanding of the technologies involved, we as investors would be gambling on an outcome we are in no position to accurately predict. Does Microsoft win in the AI search engine war? What about in social media and digital advertising… what about between the US and China?

As things stand, we’re currently in no position to make an accurate call on how that plays out.

But we can make one prediction which leads to a very interesting investment opportunity.

In any war, whether it be a real-world shooting war, or a technology-led war for business supremacy, the belligerents require weapons with which to fight. And those belligerents are willing to spend a lot of money on those weapons to give themselves the best chance of winning.

In real-world shooting wars, this means tanks, fighter jets, bullets and artillery shells. There’s a reason why the share prices of defence companies have risen since the War in Ukraine started… wars mean more orders for military weapons.

In the AI wars, the hard weapons required to fight are data centres and computer chips. CPUs, GPUs, memory chips, a lot of them, are the hard real-world war materiel required to fight. And in this case, the belligerents (big tech, large governments) have a lot of spending power.

We may not know the outcome of the coming wars in AI, but we do know the weapons with which these wars will be fought: data centres, computer chips, and their related supply chains.

As investors, we can invest in the owners of the manufacturing capacity and intellectual property needed to produce advanced semiconductors and computer chip designs needed to power the computer systems running advanced AI.

There’s an old saying that goes something like this: ‘during a gold rush, sell shovels!’ This very much applies to the coming global competition in AI. As investors, we can own the ‘shovel makers’, the suppliers of the tools needed by all participants, and benefit from the big increase in spending on AI compute that’s already underway, without taking the risk of trying to pick a winner.

The outlook in 2023 for most sectors in the economy remains highly uncertain and difficult to forecast. In electronic goods, for example, and the associated supply chains (semiconductors), the pandemic saw a major pull-forward of demand as people who were stuck-at-home in lockdowns decided to upgrade home PCs, tablets, smartphones, TVs, etc. Now with most countries having fully re-opened, that demand has understandably declined as consumers switch to spending money on services and other activities. Trying to predict the timing and shape of a recovery in these sectors is now very difficult. We’re seeing a similar pattern in many other consumer spending-led sectors too.

In renewable energy and related industrials, the pandemic interruption to supply chains, combined with input cost inflation, and the effects of the war in Ukraine, have conspired to cause a major slowdown in demand. The long-term story of high demand levels for renewables to combat climate change is clear, but predicting the short term is much harder. Again, we see a similar pattern across many sectors in global manufacturing.

This uncertainty is mirrored in the macro economy too. Will the US enter a recession later in 2023? What about 2024? Will Europe make it through next winter without going into recession… what if it’s a cold winter?

The honest answer to these macro questions is, we don’t know. Nobody does. Trying to predict the outcome for an individual business 1-2 years into the future is extremely complex and fraught with risk. Map that up to an entire economy and accurate predictions become impossible.

Dominion prefers to shy away from making predictions they have no chance of getting right. Much better, to focus on predictions where the probability of success is much higher.

These opportunities do exist, and if we look at the state of play for the global economy today, there are a couple of areas where we think the outcome seems to be much easier to predict. We can have much higher confidence in making calls on those specific sectors, given the information we have available today.

A good example here is Chinese consumption. Rather than make specific predictions about growth rates or levels of inflation, we can make confident predictions on the short-term direction. We know the economy there is re-opening after a long bout of pandemic-induced lockdowns. Anecdotal evidence suggests city centres, shopping malls, etc. are packed. We’re also seeing global jet fuel demand rise substantially, as millions of Chinese consumers look to travel abroad again on holiday for the first time in years.

It’s possible, but unlikely that the Chinese government would risk reversing this re-opening decision. This looks to be a one-way bet.

We also know, based on pre-pandemic trends, the categories in the global economy which benefit the most from Chinese consumption. Travel related industries, luxury goods, these are two large sectors which have historically benefitted from rising Chinese consumer spending, at home and abroad. We think it’s a fair call to make today, that the first half of 2023 is likely to see a major uptick in demand in travel related sectors and in luxury consumer goods, because of China’s re-opening.

This is a good place to be looking for potential outperformance vs. expectations in what is, otherwise, a very difficult starting point from which to make predictions for short-term performance.

As of Friday morning, equity markets over the past week have jumped sharply. S&P 500 is close to its highest levels in 6 months and is now +17% up from its lows in October. It is easy as an investor to submit to market sentiment shifts like this, especially when they happen quickly.

The ‘fear of missing out’, or ‘FOMO’, is a powerful force in explaining global capital flows during periods like this. Just as a severe downturn in equity markets can result in widespread fear among market participants, which itself feeds back into the decline in prices, the opposite can also be true. A sharp move up in prices can start to feed itself, as market participants extrapolate the recent price moves and improved sentiment out into the future. The simple act of prices moving up itself feeds more positive sentiment, which leads to more buying and even higher prices. Nobody wants to be left out of the rally.

When prices move like this, an obvious question to ask is: why? Or better yet…

What are these prices reflecting in terms of expectations for the future?

Markets look forward. That means that the price of a liquid financial asset you see today, say for example, the stock price of a technology company, or the price of a government bond, those prices reflect market expectations for the future. If expectations improve, i.e., they become more optimistic about the future, all else equal, the price of the asset should rise. And the opposite is true too, if expectations deteriorate, all else equal, the price of the asset should fall. A sharp rise in prices of risk assets, as we have experienced since October, reflects improved expectations for the future.

This is what is meant when people talk about ‘what the market is pricing.’ What version of the future is implied by the current prices of stocks, bonds, etc.

Sometimes, those expectations for the future (bullish or bearish) can diverge from reality. The collective expectations for the future in January 2022 were overly optimistic relative to what actually happened. Reality caught up with market prices, and reality usually wins in the end. The collective realisation by market participants that the expected outcome (reflected in asset prices) is different to the realised outcome, can result in sharp changes in prices. This is often the fundamental underlying driver of sharp moves up or down in markets.

If we look at markets today, what are they pricing in?

Let’s start with equity markets. Last year saw a sharp decline in developed world equity prices, led by the US, as the economic reality of 2022 (higher inflation, slowing economy, raised geopolitical risk) triggered a negative change in expectations and thus in stock prices. The recent rally in stock prices implies an improvement in outlook. In other words, equity markets are telling us that talk of recession is premature, meanwhile risks of inflation and higher interest rates are now less of a concern.

Bond markets, meanwhile, are telling a somewhat different story. The shape of the yield curve tells us that bond markets expect a sharp decline in inflation and a potential recession. We’ll skip an explanation of what yield curve inversion means this episode, but suffice it to say, whenever it has happened in the past, there has been a recession. It’s been a very reliable lead indicator of an economic slowdown, and right now it is inverted (and has been for some time).

So… to risk oversimplifying: the equity market is telling us to worry less, 2023 will be fine, meanwhile the bond market is suggesting a recession is probably more likely than not. Both do agree on one thing though, both agree on a rapid decline in inflation.

This, we would argue, is the risk investors need to be thinking about.

If all market prices are pointing in one direction (in this case, to disinflation) and reality moves in the other direction (higher than expected inflation), that is where price dislocations can be their most severe.

How should this affect portfolio decisions in 2023? We continue to stand by our previous view, that pockets of value exist which can immunise investors from needing to think too hard about macro-economic outcomes.

If you’re buying expensive assets (expensive = high price relative to profits / income generated by the asset) then you do need to worry about inflation, interest rates paths, economic outcomes, etc. But if your portfolio is weighted toward owning assets trading on more reasonable valuations (low prices relative to profits / income), those concerns become much less relevant to your investment return outlook.

Rather than committing to one economic outcome over another in 2023, we prefer to defer on economic predictions, and stick to what we know works over the long-term, a deep focus on asset valuations and asset quality. This is also helpful advice for investors who want a good night’s sleep!

It’s easy to forget, but last August the S&P 500 rallied +16.5% from its lows, the Nasdaq Index clocked a +23.3% rally in the same period. Some market commentators at the time went as far as to call the end of the bear market in light of the strong short-term performance seen in US equities.

We published an episode at the time, questioning whether or not that rally would last, beginning a new bull market cycle for stocks, or a bear market rally doomed to end, a short-term move up in prices during a broader down-trend in the market. We called it right then, seeing the balance of risks continuing to the downside, a bear market rally it was.

Nasdaq hit a new low for this bear market cycle last month in December, the S&P 500 index in October. Since then, however, we find ourselves in a similar position to our past selves last summer. We’ve seen a strong short-term rally in stock prices. Since recent lows S&P 500 is up +13%, Nasdaq Index +12.2%.

As with last August, this now again begs the question, is the recent rally in stocks the opening act of a new bull market recovery, or is this yet another bear market rally?

What are the arguments in favour ?

What evidence is there for this being the start of a new bull market cycle? This is a relatively simple thesis. Inflation is coming down, corporate results and the economy remain relatively healthy, if there is a recession it will be mild and there might not be a recession anyway. China is re-opening, and the European economy is not in as bad shape as previously thought, thanks largely to a mild winter (and lower drag from high energy costs). Meanwhile equity prices have fallen and so market valuations are much more attractive now. Market sentiment was, in December, quite bearish, and this historically has been a good signal to buy stocks.

What about the argument in favour of this being another bear market rally. Let’s go back to last August and review the state of affairs then. Inflation was falling, it peaked in June in the US. Corporate results and the economy remained in relatively robust form, and the expectation was that there might be a slowing in the economy, but the recession (if it comes) will be mild. This sounds familiar.

We have been here before. Bear market rallies are common. In the 2001 bear market cycle, S&P 500 rallied 22%, Nasdaq 43% before both moved down to new lows. Some of the strongest short term rallies in history have been bear market rallies.

2023 News ...

What’s new now vs. August last year: (i) China re-opening, (ii) expectations for the European economy are improving (not falling), (iii) interest rates have risen further and are closer to terminal rates. The first two are clear economic tailwinds and likely have supported the recent rally in stocks.

Interest rates rate rises may also pause soon, that’s good news. But we would caution against premature celebration of a pause in interest rates. A pause is no cut. We’re likely some way off a cut in rates. Further, looking at the four biggest bear markets of the past century, even when rate cuts do arrive, they do not necessarily coincide with market lows. In 1929, 2000, and 2007, bear market years which all saw an initial interest rate cut by the Fed, the subsequent respective moves in US equities were down 79%, down 41%, and down 55% respectively.

Economic indicators for the US economy also appear to be going in the wrong direction. Some industrial companies we follow, 3M and Atlas Copco are two good examples supporting the more negative data outlook, both companies have broad exposure to the global industrial economy too, both have reported results weaker than expected and with outlooks for slower growth in 2023.

So where do we stand on this?

The underlying story remains one of caution, in our view. There are reasons to be optimistic if you are an investor with a long-term time horizon, but we continue to think markets could test new lows again later in 2023.

How can we be simultaneously pessimistic (new lows this year) and optimistic (long-term)? We think the investment outlook today is a little like the difference between the weather and the climate. Imagine a wet day in Paris, in July. We might forecast more rain in the coming days, a negative short-term forecast, but remain very confident that dryer weather is coming in the longer-term because we understand the climate and average weather patterns one should expect in Paris in July.

Similarly, we think the fact that interest rates are unlikely to be cut for some time, the economy is likely to slow at least somewhat in 2023, and the full ramifications of higher interest rates are yet to feed into the system, are strong enough reasons to remain cautious on the short-term market outlook. The tailwinds of China re-opening and better Europe vs. expectations could support the rally in the short-term, but the underlying global story of higher interest rates, likely slowing in the US economy, and still elevated equity valuations vs. history, mean we continue to see a risk of further bouts of market weakness.

The good news here echoes what we have been saying for some time now. Valuations in many parts of the market warrant buying now, whatever the short-term outlook for the market may be. That’s exactly where investors should be focussed, in our view, buying quality assets at reasonable valuations, holding them for the long-term, and trying your best to ignore short-term noise in markets, bullish or bearish!

Every three months, the financial world stops what it is doing and listens to what the corporate world has to say about the performance of their businesses, industries, and their outlook for the near future. This is, of course, earnings season!

Why is earnings season so important for investors?

This is where the rubber meets the road. As investors we are fundamentally taking a view on the future every time we invest in a company, a stock, a bond, whatever the asset class. If we invest, for example, in the stock of a cloud computing business, one of the inherent views we are taking on that business is that it will continue to grow sales at a high rate and that operating margins will rise as that business matures.

Every quarter, the listed companies in that industry (as with all others) report and update their financial results publicly. This allows us as investors and the market to assess the reality of the performance of these businesses and reassess the validity of assumptions and forecasts. This process of informational update feeds through into the prices of those stocks. Better than expected results should, all else equal, lead to higher share prices, and vice versa.

The information the market receives every earnings season also helps to inform wider economic expectations, again feeding through into the prices of assets in financial markets. If many of the companies in, for example, furniture retail, report weaker than expected results and predict a slowing in demand next quarter, this can be read as a warning for broader consumer confidence and consumption patterns for the economy.

To cut a long story short, earnings season is critically important even in the best of times, and especially so in periods like now where there is great uncertainty about the future trajectory of the economy and financial markets.

So what should investors be looking out for this earnings season?

The elephant in the room is the US economy. Increasingly it is expected that the interest rate rises of last year should feed through into a slowing in the US economy, especially hitting consumption of goods hardest. Retail and online ecommerce businesses who rely on consumers buying goods will be important bell-weathers for US consumer demand and its outlook.

Similarly, how is enterprise spending looking? This is a great unknown currently. Will companies be cutting back their spending on IT, software, hiring of staff, etc. in response to the higher interest rates, inflation, and possibility of a slowing economy. This is an important sector in the economy and stock markets.

For those companies in China or with exposure to China, the re-opening of the Chinese economy and the expected impact on results later this year is going to be a major story for investors to follow this earnings season. Do the relevant companies think consumption patterns will return to pre-pandemic levels… will there be new or adjusted consumption patterns which may change things for certain industries? These will be important questions to answer.

We can also get a view on the likely potential trajectory of inflation from earnings season. Management teams will sometimes refer to their input costs and expectations for how that will pan out in the coming months. This can give us a head start on headline inflation expectations. For example, we’ve already had the CEO of a major consumer products company say publicly that they are continuing to see input cost inflation headwinds, and they do not necessarily think the inflationary cycle is over. What is the wider corporate world saying about inflation this earnings season? Another important one to be watching out for.

This year, we’ll be running a series of episodes on what we think are underappreciated narratives, ideas which should be mainstream in modern economic and investment thinking but which are rarely talked about. Underappreciated ideas can offer interesting long-term investment opportunities and so are important to think about.

For this episode, we want to take you 30 years into the future. The year is 2053, and we are in a metropolis of 40 million people, a cultural and economic centre for the world’s third biggest economy, an economic giant with a population of 800 million and the centre of a regional economy with a population closer to 1.3 billion. We are in Lagos, the largest city in Nigeria, and we’re witnessing the outcome of the next great miracle in the modern global economy’s story.

Capitalism and industrialisation can change things so quickly, it’s hard to remember what the world looked like in the recent past. It is easy to forget that the great economies of East Asia (Japan, China, South Korea) were, not that long ago, low income countries with small economies and widespread poverty. China was an economic minnow in the 1990s. In 1993 China’s GDP per capita was lower than that of Uganda. Twenty years later it’s an economic superpower and a viable challenger to the United States as the world’s largest economy.

Most people’s careers last 45-50 years, followed by retirements of 15-20 years in many cases. This is an investment period for the average investor of 60-70 years. If China can rise from economic obscurity to economic superpower in just 20 years, it’s not fanciful but actually quite practical to be thinking now… who’s next, and can we invest in that story!

Nigeria’s GDP (economic output) has increased 6.3x since 2001, its GDP per capita 4x. And we are seeing a similar economic miracle play out across much of West and East Africa too.

Nigeria is emblematic of the wider opportunity from economic development in Africa. West Africa, and much of East and Southern Africa, is (on average) culturally diverse, with relatively open societies, developing democracies, and legal systems much more closely aligned with European or American systems. In the long-term these are powerful ingredients for economic success.

America’s early democracy, political, and economic development were not a smooth ride! It was a bloody and volatile road to becoming the modern economic and cultural giant the United States of America is today. Many would have laughed at the idea if, in mid-19th century London or Paris, you had suggested that America would dominate the planet within a century. Similarly you may have even been mocked (as your author and narrator once was, literally), for suggesting in the late 1990s that China would become a superpower on par with America within 20 years.

To suggest that this story is over, that China was the last new economic superpower rising from obscurity, doesn’t hold water.

We are already seeing India fast become the new kid on the superpower block, and we think it’s wise to think 15-20 years ahead to who will be next. West Africa is a strong candidate.

What does a story like this mean for investors today? It means thinking about investment allocations for the long-term that take into account what the world could look like. Assuming the poor stay poor has been a terrible bet over the past 200 years. Emerging markets across the world, currently thought of as destinations for aid spending or maybe an ‘adventurous holiday’ by many in the West today, are the economic giants of tomorrow and will be sooner than you think.

What’s more, we as investors can get in at the ground floor on many of these opportunities, via investments in Funds with exposures to these markets or mandates with the flexibility to allocate to emerging long-term trends like these.

Extrapolating the present into the future rarely works. We’re extremely excited about the future and, what’s more, we’re especially excited about future structural trends which are not well appreciated… because that usually means they are under-priced!

It may be difficult to remember, but at the beginning of last year global financial markets were in a bullish mood. Equity markets and bond markets were close to all-time highs. Real estate, private equity, these asset classes too were trading on valuations at or close to their highest levels in history.

Then came a series of negative surprises through the year: continued rises in inflation to the highest levels in four decades, war in Ukraine, an energy price spike (most notably in Europe), COVID lockdowns in China.

When optimistic expectations (reflected at the start of last year as high asset valuations) met a series of unexpected negative events, asset prices declined and volatility increased. This process reflected the mis-match between what the market thought was going to happen vs. what actually happened. That was the story of last year, a bear market for stocks and bonds, as asset prices started off too high relative to what actually then transpired in the real world.

When we look at the starting point for investors this year, it’s a very different story. Expectations have been reset much lower over the past year (reflected in asset markets by lower valuation levels today).

Inflation is known to be high and is actually now falling in many parts of the world. Energy prices have declined from their peaks last year. Energy costs in Europe are coming down. China is reversing its COVID lockdown policies and re-opening its economy.

Could 2023 end up being defined as having started with pessimistic market sentiment (reflected in lower asset valuations) which then met a reality that was better than expected. The polar opposite of 2022. Lower asset valuations meeting better than expected outcomes, all else equal, results in prices of assets rising.

The balance of expectations and valuations at the start of this year is much more in our favour as investors than was the case at the start of last year. Market expectations today are much less optimistic than they were this time last year.

The lower your starting valuations for assets, the smaller the price declines will be from each incremental negative surprise, and vice versa, the higher the price rise will be from each new incremental positive surprise.

If your starting position is one where market sentiment is overly pessimistic, this increases the probability of positive surprises.

Identifying a moment of overly pessimistic sentiment in markets correctly can therefore be very rewarding for an investor willing to commit to buying assets and thus benefitting from subsequent price rises as those positive surprises roll in.

This begs the question: Are we there yet? Is market sentiment today overly pessimistic, thus creating the opportunity to buy assets and benefit from the asymmetry in positive vs. negative surprises to expectations?

For markets as a whole, we would argue: not yet. We continue to think we could see tests of new lows for stocks in the first half of 2023.

But in some sectors, asset classes, and individual stocks, we are there now. In those specific cases, valuations and sentiment are too pessimistic and offer the opportunity to take the other side as an investor.

This means now is the time to be buying those assets, and to continue buying through 2023. We think some areas of the commodity sector, especially those linked to climate change mitigation, offer such opportunities. Emerging market value is another one.

We have been cautiously but steadily buying into specific sectors and stocks we see as offering this opportunity, the opportunity to, as Warren Buffett puts is, be greedy when others ae fearful.